Dictionaries

 (The Sun, the main source of heat on Earth.) Temperature Temperature is a physical quantity measured using a thermometer and studied in thermometry. In everyday life, it is connected to the sensations of cold and heat, coming from the heat … Read More

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(Confucius, from a Chinese bronze) Confucianism, Rújiā “school of the literati” then Rúxué “teaching of the literati”, is one of the greatest philosophical, moral, political and to a lesser extent religious schools of China. It developed over two millennia from … Read More

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(The International Prototype Kilogram (IPK) is an artefact standard or prototype that is defined to be exactly one kilogram mass.) Dimensional analysis is a practical method to verify the homogeneity of a physical formula through its dimensional equations, that is … Read More

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 (A. von Menzel, The iron rolling mill (1875). The Industrial Revolution brings about a change in living conditions, which reflects on philosophical, economic and political thought.) The philosophy of the nineteenth century is divided into different directions. It includes Romantic … Read More

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The philosophy of art designates both the almost constant interest of philosophers for art since antiquity and a discipline more or less conceived as autonomous since the end of the eighteenth century. For the historian of philosophy Michel Blay, two … Read More

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Hans Reichenbach, who was close to logical positivism, distinguished between the context of justification and the context of discovery. The context of discovery refers to the process that results in proposing a theoretical result, whereas the context of justification concerns … Read More

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(Representation of faculties of the human mind.) The mind is the totality of phenomena and mental faculties: perception, affectivity, intuition, thought, concept, judgment, morality … In many religious traditions, it is a principle of the intangible life of the human … Read More

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(The beginning of physics in Latin translation in a Venetian incunabulum of 1483 adorned with hand-painted miniatures: New York, Morgan Library & Museum) Physics is next to the Metaphysics and Nicomachean Ethics of the major works of Aristotle . It deals with the explanation (definition) of some basic terms that are used … Read More

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The expression naïve realism indicates a set of philosophical conceptions of perception (and by extension a set of realistic metaphysical conceptions), sometimes also called common-sense realism, direct realism , or natural realism , which strongly re-evaluate (in different ways ) the concept of common sense.  (Naïve realism argues we perceive … Read More

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Deterrence is a theory that one can prevent someone from doing something by fear of potential consequences. (The USS Growler, one of two submarines designed to provide a nuclear deterrence using missile cruise with a 500-mile (800 km) range-placed on … Read More

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