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(Illustration of dualism by René Descartes. Sensory inputs are transmitted by the sensory organs to the pineal gland in the brain, then to the immaterial mind.) In philosophy, dualism is a strict view stating that the universe is made up … Read More
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According to the scientific “justificationist” method, knowledge consisted of proven sentences. Classical intellectuals (or “rationalists,” in the narrow sense of the term) have accepted extremely varied – and powerful “proofs“, through revelation, intellectual intuition, experience. These, with the help of logic, have allowed them to prove any kind of scientific statement. Classical empiricists accepted as axioms only a relatively small set of “factual propositions” that expressed “hard facts”. The value of their truth has been established by experience and has been the empirical basis of science.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28722.25288
Philosophical criticism The philosopher Louis Jugnet (1913-1973) summarized the philosophical criticism of scientism in three paragraphs: “Scientism is […] the imperialism of Laboratory Science over all areas of human thought and consciousness. It is an attitude that reigned over almost … Read More
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The dream argument is the assertion that the act of dreaming provides such intuitive evidence that it cannot be distinguished from that which our senses provide to us in the waking state, and that, for this reason, we cannot fully … Read More
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(Hiroshima) The ethics of science is concerned with the ethical aspects of scientific research. This relates both to ethical standards within the sciences and to the social impact of the research process. The research ethics deals with the ethical principles of research and the tension between research … Read More
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The equality of outcome (equality of results) is a concept of social justice that defends real equality achieved and proven in the field of human rights, both civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights . (In the novel Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the Dodo tells Alice … Read More
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In Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley, Newton rejected the possibility of remote action, even though he accepted it in the Principia. Practically, Newton’s natural philosophy is indissolubly linked to his conception of God. The knowledge of God seems to be essentially immutable, unlike the laws of nature that can be subjected to refining, revision and rejection procedures. As Newton later states in Opticks, the cause of gravity is an active principle in matter, but this active principle is not an essential aspect of matter, but something that must have been added to matter by God, arguing in the same Query of Opticks even the need for divine intervention.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16732.44162
About God in Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley and Queries in Opticks
Anti-speciesism is a current of philosophical and moral thought, formalized in the 1970s by Anglo-Saxon philosophers, who defend a revival of animalism, and consider that the species to which an animal belongs is not a relevant criterion to decide how … Read More
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The paper begins with a retrospective of the debates on the origin of life: the virus or the cell? The virus needs a cell for replication, instead the cell is a more evolved form on the evolutionary scale of life. … Read More
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The interpretation of Isaac Newton’s texts has sparked controversy to this day. One of the most heated debates relates to the action between two bodies distant from each other (the gravitational attraction), and to what extent Newton involved God in this case. Practically, most of the papers discuss four types of gravitational attractions in the case of remote bodies: direct distance action as intrinsic property of bodies in epicurean sense; direct remote action divinely mediated by God; remote action mediated by a material ether; or remote action mediated by an immaterial ether. The purpose of this paper is to argue that Newton categorically rejected the types of direct action as the intrinsic property of bodies, and remote action mediated by a material ether. Concerning the other two types of action, direct through divine intervention and mediated through an immaterial environment, Newton has repeatedly stated that he does not know the exact cause of gravity, but in both cases, he has directly involved God, directly in the first case and as the primary cause (the environment/ether being the secondary cause) in immaterial mediated action. But since recognition of direct distance action could have given some credit to those who thought gravity could be essential to matter, and hence to atheism, Newton never openly acknowledged the possibility of such an idea.
Keywords: Isaac Newton, action at a distance, God, gravity, gravity law, gravitation
CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Principia
Correspondence with Richard Bentley
Queries in Opticks
Conclusions
Bibliography
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25823.92320
MultiMedia Publishing https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/isaac-newton-on-the-action-at-a-distance-in-gravity-with-or-without-god/
Isaac Newton on the action at a distance in gravity: With or without God?