Society – Page 2 – Dictionaries

About Cats

A guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.

The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.

CONTENS:

Cat
– Characteristics
– – Physical
– – Senses
– – – Sight
– – – Hearing
– – – Smell
– – – Touch
– – – Taste
– – Communication
– – Hunting and diet
– – Hygiene
– – – Declawing
– – Environment
– Reproduction and genetics
– Domestication
– – Feral cats
– – Environmental issues
– Scientific classification
– Varieties of domestic cat
– History and mythology
– References
– See also
– Purebred
– See also
– Animal Communication
– Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication
– Interspecies communication
– – Prey to predator
– – Predator to prey
– – Symbiotic species
– – Human/animal communication
– Intraspecies communication
– – Forms of communication
– – Functions of communication
– – Evolution of communication
– Communication and understanding
– Animal communication and human behaviour
– Animal communication and linguistics
– BIKECAT
– Introduction
– BIKECAT’s characteristics
– BIKECAT’s increased popularity
– – Origins of his nickname
– – What users think of him
– His pictures
– See also
– Black Cat
– Historical associations
– Witchcraft
– Cat Coat Genetics
– Genes involved in albinism, dominant white, and white spotting
– Genes involved in orange, black, brown, and diluted colors
– Genes involved in fur pattern and shading
– How breeders can identify and separate tabby genes
– Genes involved in fur length and texture
– See also
– Cat Deterrent
– – Lion Dung
– – Citrus deterrents
– – Ultrasonic device
– – Electric fencing
– Cat Hoarding
– References
– Cat Show
– Registering bodies
– See also
– Catgirl
– List of catgirl characters
– Cats in Ancient Egypt
– Cats in other religions
– Cats in everyday life in Ancient Egypt
– Cats in Egyptian mythology
– Bubastis and the Cult of the Cat
– Funerary traditions
– The decline of cat-worship
– References
– See also
– Felis
– Felis Britannica
– Feral Cat Colony
– Colonies often considered a nuisance
– “Managed” colonies
– Breeds arising from feral cat colonies
– Fédération Internationale Féline
– Kitten
– Birth and development
– Caring for domestic kittens
– Perceptions of cuteness
– See also
– Pedigree
– See also
– Points (Coat Color)
– Breeds with points
– Purr
– How felines purr
– – Historical theories
– Why felines purr
– Other examples of purring
– References
– Selective Breeding
– Selective Breeding Methods
– – Closed vs. open studbook
– – Crossbreeding and backbreeding
– Purebred Cats, Dogs and the Debate over ‘Breed Purity’
– Purebreds
– Show
– See also
– Show Cat
– See also
– Taboo Food and Drink
– Pets
– – Cats
– References
– Taurine
– Chemistry
– Physiology and Pharmacology
– Uses
– Winged Cat
– Historical Winged Cats
– Feline Cutaneous Asthenia
– Veterinary Reports
– Winged Cats in Popular Culture
Cat Behavior
Cat Body Language
– Some subtle Anthropomorphisms
Catfight
– In Popular Culture
Evening Crazies
Socialization
– Cats
Cat Attractants
Dihydroactinidiolide
Nepeta
– Effects on cats
Nepetalactone
Cat Breeds
– See also
List of Cat Breeds
– Longhair and semi-longhair
– Shorthair
– Breeds with unusual physical features
– External References
Abyssinian
– Abyssinian Cat
– Famous Abyssinians
American Bobtail
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Curl
– American Curl
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Wirehair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Angora
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Australian Mist
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bahraini Dilmun Cat
Balinese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bengal Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– New Developments
Birman
– Alternative Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bombay
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origins
– Characteristics
– Personality
British Longhair
British Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Breed Description
– Origin
– Temperament
– Care
Burmese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Burmilla
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chantilly/Tiffany cat
California Spangled Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chartreux
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chausie
Chinchilla Longhair
Cornish Rex
– Common Nicknames
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origin
Cymric
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Devon Rex
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Don Sphynx
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Egyptian Mau
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Popular Culture
– References
European Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Exotic Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Known movie apparition
– Appearance
– Description
– Character
– Care and grooming
Foldex Cat
Foreign White
Havana Brown
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Himalayan
– Trivia
Japanese Bobtail
– History
– General
Javanese
– Breed standards (external links)
Korat
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
LaPerm
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– LaPerm Breed Profile
– History
– Description
– LaPerms in the UK
Maine Coon
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origin
– Physical characteristics
– Behavioral characteristics
– Health considerations
Manx
– Common nicknames:
– Country of origin:
– Breed standards (external links):
– Origin
– Other Tailless Cats
– Tail length
– Health
– – Manx Syndrome
– Personality
– Coat
– Trivia
– See also
– Reference
Minx
– Minx
– Mynx
Munchkin
– Genetics
Nebelung
Neva Masquerade
Norwegian Forest Cat
– Alternative names
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Countries introduced
Ocicat
Ojos Azules
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
– References
Oriental Longhair
Oriental Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Alternative Names
– Breed standards (external links)
– Description
– Origins
– Oriental Shorthairs as pets
Oriental Cat
Persian
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Peterbald
Pixie-Bob
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Breed Description
– – Physical characteristics
– – Temperament
– Breed history
– Other information
Ragamuffin
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– General Description
– History
– – Mrs. Ann Baker
– Color forms
– Personality
Ragdoll
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– History
– Characteristics
Rex Cat
– See also
Russian Blue
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Savannah
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Generations
– Characteristics
– Behaviors
– Care
Scottish Fold
Selkirk Rex
Serengeti Cat
Siamese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Variations
– Famous Siamese cats
Colorpoint Shorthair
Siberian
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Singapura
– Alternate Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Snowshoe
Sokoke
– Alternative Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Somali
– Nicknames
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Sphynx
Sterling
Tonkinese
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Toyger
Turkish Angora
– Alternative name
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Physical characteristics
– Behavioral Characteristics
– History
Turkish Van
– Common Nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
– Characteristics
– Breed standards
– Preservation
– Origins
– Vans as pets
York Chocolate Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Cat Health
Cat Anatomy
Pectoral Muscles
– Pectoantibranchialis
– Pectoralis major
– Pectoralis minor
– Xiphihumeralis
Accessory Muscles of the Scapula
– Levator Scapulae Ventralis
– Teres Major
– Teres Minor
Latissimus Dorsi
– Training
Deltoid Muscles
– Acromiodeltoid
– Spinodeltoid
– Clavodeltoid (Clavobranchialis; Cleidobranchialis)
Multifidus Spinae
Sacrospinalis
– Sacrospinalis muscle
– Semispinalis
– Longissimus
– Iliocostalis
– Details From Gray’s Anatomy
– – Iliocostalis
– – Longissimus
– – Spinalis
Deeper Muscles of the Neck and Back
– Rhomboideus
– Rhomboideus capitis
– Splenius
– Serratus Ventralis
– Serratus Dorsalis
– Intercostals
Integumental Muscles
Abdominal Muscles
– External Oblique
– Internal Oblique
– Transversus Abdominis
– Rectus Abdominis
– See also
Bordetella
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Cheyletiellosis
– Cheyletiella species
– References
Corneal Ulcer
– Corneal anatomy of the dog and cat
– Corneal healing
– Superficial and deep corneal ulcers
– – Diagnosis
– – Treatment
– Refractory corneal ulcers
– – Treatment
– Melting ulcers
– Corneal ulcers in cats
– References
Coronavirus
– Diseases of coronavirus
– SARS
– Recent discoveries of novel human coronaviruses
– Species
– References
Diabetes
– Symptoms
– Treatment
– – Diet
– – Pills
– – Insulin injections
– – Neuropathy in cats
– Dosage and regulation
– – Blood sugar guidelines
– – Detecting and avoiding chronic somogyi rebound
– Hypoglycemic episode
– Remission in cats
Ear Mite
– Contagion
– Consequences of infection
Feline Panleukopenia
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
– Transmission and infection
– Symptoms
– – Effusive (wet)
– – Non-effusive (dry)
– Diagnosis
– Treatment
Feline Leukemia Virus
– Transmission
– Progression
– Viral structure
– Comparison with FIV
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
– Symptoms
– Causes
– Treatment
– Further Reading
Fibrosarcoma
– ICD-10
– Pathology
– Fibrosarcoma in dogs and cats
– – Reference
Flea
– Life Cycle
Great Muscles of the Head
– Masseter
– Temporalis
Hairball
Heart Valve Dysplasia
– References
Heartworm
– History of the disease
– – Heartworm in North America
– The parasite
– Course of infestation
– Symptoms of infestation
– Epidemiology
– Testing
– Treatment
– Prevention
– Human health considerations
– Resources and external links
Hip Dysplasia
– Description
– Causes
– Detection
– Prevention
– Symptoms
– Treatment
– References
Hyperthyroidism
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– Causes
– Signs and symptoms
– Diagnosis
– Treatment
– – Surgery
– – Radioiodine
– – Thyrostatics
– Veterinary medicine
– See also
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– OMIM
– MedlinePlus
– eMedicine
– DiseasesDB
– The disease in humans
– – Symptoms
– – Treatment
– – Causes
– The disease in dogs
– The disease in cats
– References
Luxating Patella
– References
Lymphoma in Animals
– Lymphoma in dogs
– – Classification
– – Symptoms
– – Diagnosis
– – Treatment
– – Prognosis
– Lymphoma in cats
– – Symptoms
– – Treatment and prognosis
– Lymphoma in ferrets
– References
Mastocytoma
– Symptoms
– Diagnosis
– Treatment and prognosis
– Mast cell tumors in cats
– References
Onychectomy
Parvovirus
Polyneuropathy
– Most common types of polyneuropathy
– References
Protothecosis
– Reference
Rabies
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– Transmission and symptoms
– The virus
– Prevention
– – Post-exposure prophylaxis
– – Pre-exposure prophylaxis
– Prevalence
– Recently publicised cases
– – Transmission by animal bites
– – Transmission through organ transplants
– Transport of pet animals between countries
– Rabies and domestic skunks in the United States
Raw Feeding
Spaying and Neutering
– Household pets
– Modern Non-surgical Alternatives
– – Injectable
– – Other Methods
– Females (spaying)
– – Terms for the spayed
– Males (neutering)
– – Terms for the neutered
– References
Tick
– Characteristics
– Ticks as disease vectors
– Location
– Facts
– Life cycle
– – Deer (black-legged) tick
– – – Larva
– – – Nymph
– – – Adult
– References
Trapezius Muscles
– Clavotrapezius
– Acromiotrapezius
– Spinotrapezius
Cat Types
American Keuda
Asian Semi-Longhair
Bicolor Cat
– Gallery of bicolour “Tuxedo” cats
Domestic Longhair Cat
Domestic Shorthaired Cat
– See also
Farm Cat
Feral Cat
– In the United States
– In Australia
– In Rome
– Feral cats and island restoration
– Activism
– References
Maltese Cat
Moggy
Tabby Cat
– Tabby colors and patterns
– Gallery of tabby types
Tortoiseshell Cat
– See also
– References
Tuxedo Cat
– See also
Ussuri
– Conformation
– Color & Pattern
Cats as Pets
Animal Euthanasia
– Morality Debate
Animal Shelter
Cat Flap
Cat Food
– Ingredients of Cat Food
– Forms of Commercial Cat Food
– Cat Food Nutrient Profiles
– Cat food brands
– References
– Further Information
Cat Litter
– Conventional litter
– Clumping litter
– Silica gel litter
– Biodegradable litter
– Litter for dogs
Litter Box
Operation Kindness
– Mission
– Programs and services
– – Adoptions
– – Spay/Neuter
– – Habitat for Hounds
– – Education
– – Nursing Home Visits
– Donations
Scratching Post
Fictional Cats
– Legendary, mythological and fairytale cats
– Cats and felines in literature
– T. S. Eliot Cats
– Cats in books by Andre Norton
– Cats and felines in plays
– Cats and felines in film
– Cats and felines in television
– Cats and felines in animation, comics and puppetry
– Cats in electronic/video games
– Cats in song
– Cats in science
– Cats and felines on the Internet and in IT
– See also
Cats and Dogs
– Working titles
– Credits
– – Cast
– – – Voice only
– Synopsis
Cheshire Cat
– Quotes
Felix the Cat
– Creation
– Unprecedented popularity
– – Felix as mascot
– From silent to sound
– The cat’s comeback
– References
Tom and Jerry
– Plot and format
– Characters
– – Thomas “Tom” Cat (a.k.a. Jasper) and Gerald “Jerry” Mouse (a.k.a. Jinx)
– – Other characters
– History and evolution
– – The Hanna-Barbera years
– – The Gene Deitch era
– – The Chuck Jones era
– – Tom and Jerry hit television
– – Tom & Jerry’s new owners
– – Censorship
– Post-Golden Age Cartoons
– Feature films
– Other formats
– Tom and Jerry in foreign countries
– The Oscar-winning shorts
– References
– Trivia
History of Cats
– Ancient Egypt
– Vikings
– Middle Ages
– Asia
– Islam
– Europe
– Modern times
List of Historical Cats
– Cats famous in their own right
– Pets of famous people
– – Famous pets of Presidents and their families
– – Famous pets of other famous people
– – Unnamed
– Wild cats

MultiMedia Publishing https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/cats/

Analogy of intelligence with other disciplines

Intelligence analysis has many important epistemological resemblances with science (problem solving, discovery, skillful use of tools, knowledge verification) and is more interested in a posteriori than a priori knowledge, on how or the basis on which a proposition may be known. The puzzle metaphor is used in both information and archeology. Both disciplines involve collecting evidence to build as complete a picture as possible. The process of converting raw information into actionable processed intelligence is almost identical for governmental and business organizations. The medical practice of diagnosing identification, collection, analysis and dissemination is similar to that of intelligence.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26511.12963

Analogy of intelligence with other disciplines

Philosophy of Death

In paleontology, the discovery of funeral rites is an important factor in determining the degree of social awakening of a hominid.
This awareness of death is an engine of social cohesion (uniting to resist disasters and enemies) and action (to do something to leave a trace). It is an important element of metaphysical reflection. This is also what gives the symbolic power to acts such as homicide and suicide.
According to Plato, death is the separation of soul and body. Finally freed from his fleshly prison, the immortal soul can freely reach the sky of Ideas, Eternity, the domain of philosophers. (cf. Phaedo)

Philosophy of Death

The Birds World

Birds are among the most extensively studied of all animal groups. Hundreds of academic journals and thousands of scientists are devoted to bird research, while amateur enthusiasts (called birdwatchers or, more commonly, birders) probably number in the millions.
Birds are categorised as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species of this class is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period. According to the most recent consensus, Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, together form a group of unnamed rank, the Archosauria.
Phylogenetically, Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds (or of a specific modern bird species like Passer domesticus), and Archaeopteryx. Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda.
Modern birds are divided into two superorders, the Paleognathae (mostly flightless birds like ostriches), and the wildly diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds.

CONTENTS:

Birds
– Alektorophobia
– Avian incubation
– Bird abatement
– Bird anatomy
– – Bird skeleton
– Bird bath
– Bird feeding
– – Bird food
– – Bird feeder
– Bird flight
– – Wing clipping
– Bird intelligence
– – Language of the birds
– Nidification
Aviculture
– Domesticated birds
– – Australian Spotted
– – Barbary Dove
– – Budgerigar
– – Cayuga Duck
– – Chicken
– – Cockatiel
– – Cockatoo
– – Common Pheasant
– – Crested Guineafowl
– – Domestic Canary
– – Domesticated duck
– – Domesticated goose
– – Domesticated turkey
– – Homing pigeon
– – Indian Runner Duck
– – Khaki Campbell
– – Ostrich
– – Pekin duck
– – Quail
– – Rock Pigeon
– – Zebra Finch
– African Grey Parrot
– Bird-safe
– British finches
– Caique
– Carrier pigeon
– Citron-crested Cockatoo
– Companion parrot
– Conure
– Cyanoramphus
– Hawaiian Goose
– Hill Myna
– Kākāriki
– Lilian’s Lovebird
– Long-billed Vulture
– Moluccan Cockatoo
– Parrotlet
– – Khaki Campbell
– Pigeon racing
– Pink Pigeon
– Red-and-green Macaw
– Rose-ringed Parakeet
– Rosy-faced Lovebird
– Senegal Parrot
– Softbill
– Spix’s Macaw
– Sun Parakeet
– Umbrella Cockatoo
Bird migration flyways
– Flyway
– Atlantic Flyway
– Central Flyway
– East Asian – Australasian Flyway
– Mississippi Flyway
– Pacific Flyway
Bird topography
– Beak
– Supercilium
Birds by classification
– Extinct birds
– – (Probably) Extinct birds
– – Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
– – Paleornithology
– – Fossil birds
– – Neornithes
– – Aves incertae sedis
– Suborders of birds
– – Corvida
– – Artamidae
– – Artamus
– – Cracticus
– – Gymnorhina
– – Currawong
– – Atrichornithidae
– – Callaeidae
– – Campephagidae
– – Cinclosomatidae
– – Psophodes
– – Climacteridae
– – Corcorachidae
– – Corvidae
– – Aphelocoma
– – Cissa
– – Corvus
– – Raven
– – Crypsirina
– – Cyanocitta
– – Cyanocorax
– – Cyanolyca
– – Cyanopica
– – Garrulus
– – Nucifraga
– – Perisoreus
– – Pica
– – Podoces
– – Pyrrhocorax
– – Urocissa
– – Dicruridae
– – Drongos
– – Monarchinae
– – Lamprolia
– – Rhipidurinae
– – Tersiphone
– – Icteridae
– – Irenidae
– – Laniidae
– – Malaconotidae
– – Tchagra
– – Maluridae
– – Meliphagoidea
– – Meliphagidae
– – Acanthorhynchus
– – Anthochaera
– – Manorina
– – Moho
– – Philemon
– – Phylidonyris
– – Menuridae
– – Neosittidae
– – Oriolidae
– – Orthonychidae
– – Pachycephalidae
– – Pitohui
– – Paradisaeidae
– – Pardalotidae
– – Pardalote
– – Petroicidae
– – Pityriaseidae
– – Pomatostomidae
– – Prionopidae
– – Ptilonorhynchidae
– – Turnagridae
– – Vangidae
– – Vireonidae
– – Passeri
– – Passerida
– – Aegithalidae
– – Aegithinidae
– – Alaudidae
– – Alauda
– – Chersophilus
– – Eremophila
– – Lullula
– – Melanocorypha
– – Buphagidae
– – Cardinalidae
– – Grosbeak
– – Certhiidae
– – Chaetopidae
– – Cinclidae
– – Cisticolidae
– – Coerebidae
– – Dicaeidae
– – Drepanididae
– – Melamprosops
– – Psittirostra
– – Vestiaria
– – Emberizidae
– – Ammodramus
– – Calamospiza
– – Calcarius
– – Chondestes
– – Emberiza
– – Geospizini
– – Juncos
– – Passerculus
– – Passerella
– – Pipilo
– – Pooecetes
– – Seedeater
– – Spizella
– – Zonotrichia
– – Estrildidae
– – Padda
– – Fringillidae
– – Carduelis
– – Carpodacus
– – Coccothraustes
– – Eophona
– – Euphoniinae
– – Chlorophonia
– – Euphonia
– – Fringilla
– – Leucosticte
– – Loxia
– – Pinicola
– – Pyrrhula
– – Rhodopechys
– – Serinus
– – Hirundinidae
– – Pseudochelidoninae
– – Hypocoliidae
– – Leafbirds
– – Melanocharitidae
– – Mimidae
– – Motacillidae
– – Muscicapidae
– – Ficedula
– – Saxicolinae
– – Cercotrichas
– – Cochoa
– – Copsychus
– – Cossypha
– – Enicurus
– – Erithacus
– – Luscinia
– – Oenanthe
– – Phoenicurus
– – Saxicola
– – Sheppardia
– – Nectariniidae
– – Nuthatches
– – Old World babblers
– – Paradoxornithidae
– – Paramythiidae
– – Paridae
– – Pseudopodoces
– – Parulidae
– – Dendroica
– – Seiurus
– – Vermivora
– – Passeridae
– – Peucedramidae
– – Picathartidae
– – Platysteiridae
– – Ploceidae
– – Polioptilidae
– – Promeropidae
– – Prunellidae
– – Ptilogonatidae
– – Pycnonotidae
– – Regulidae
– – Remizidae
– – Rhabdornithidae
– – Sturnidae
– – Acridotheres
– – Aplonis
– – Gracula
– – Sturnus
– – Sylviidae
– – Acrocephalus
– – Bradypterus
– – Chamaea
– – Hippolais
– – Locustella
– – Orthotomus
– – Phylloscopus
– – Sylvia
– – Thraupidae
– – Cyanerpes
– – Habia
– – Piranga
– – Ramphocelus
– – Spindalis
– – Tangara
– – Thraupis
– – Troglodytidae
– – Campylorhynchus
– – Troglodytes
– – Turdidae
– – Alethes
– – Bluebirds
– – Catharus thrushes
– – Myadestes
– – Rock thrushes
– – Zoothera
– – Viduidae
– – Waxwings
– – Zosteropidae
– – Zosterops
– – Tyranni
– – Acanthisittidae
– – Conopophagidae
– – Cotingidae
– – Cephalopterus
– – Procnias
– – Rupicola
– – Eurylaimidae
– – Calyptomena
– – Formicariidae
– – Furnariidae
– – Furnarius
– – Pseudocolaptes
– – Xenops
– – Philepittidae
– – Pipridae
– – Chiroxiphia
– – Manacus
– – Pitta
– – Rhinocryptidae
– – Thamnophilidae
– – Tyrannidae
– – Aphanotriccus
– – Attila
– – Contopus
– – Empidonax
– – Lathrotriccus
– – Myiarchus
– – Myiozetetes
– – Sayornis
– – Tityra
– – Tyrannus
– Parvorders of birds
– Superfamilies of birds
– – Anatoidea
– Bird families
– – Bird families – A
– – Accipitridae
– – Aegothelidae
– – Aepyornithidae
– – Alcedinidae
– – Alcidae
– – Anhingidae
– – Apterygidae
– – Bird families – B
– – Bucerotidae
– – Bird families – C
– – Caprimulgidae
– – Casuariidae
– – Cathartidae
– – Charadriidae
– – Chionididae
– – Columbidae
– – Bird families – D
– – Dendrocolaptidae
– – Dinornithidae
– – Dromadidae
– – Dromornithidae
– – Bird families – E
– – Bird families – F
– – Falconidae
– – Fregatidae
– – Bird families – G
– – Gastornithidae
– – Bird families – H
– – Haematopodidae
– – Hydrobatidae
– – Bird families – I
– – Ibidorhynchidae
– – Bird families – L
– – Bird families – M
– – Mesitornithidae
– – Bird families – N
– – Bird families – O
– – Bird families – P
– – Pedionomidae
– – Phaethontidae
– – Phalacrocoracidae
– – Phasianidae
– – Phorusrhacidae
– – Picidae
– – Plotopteridae
– – Pluvianellidae
– – Podicipedidae
– – Presbyornithidae
– – Psittacidae
– – Pteroclididae
– – Bird families – R
– – Rallidae
– – Raphidae
– – Rostratulidae
– – Bird families – S
– – Scolopacidae
– – Spheniscidae
– – Strigidae
– – Sulidae
– – Sylviornithidae
– – Bird families – T
– – Teratornithidae
– – Tetraonidae
– – Threskiornithidae
– – Trochilidae
– – Tytonidae
– – Bird families – V
– – Bird families – W
– Subfamilies of birds
– – Bucorvinae
– – Anatinae
– – Anserinae
– – Buteoninae
– – Chordeilinae
– – Mancallinae
– – Merginae
– – Palaeeudyptinae
– – Phaethornithinae
– – Tadorninae
– – Vanellinae
– Tribes of birds
– – Nestorini
– – Platycercini
– Passeriformes
– Carinatae
Birds by geography
– Endemism in birds
– Birds of Africa
– Birds of Asia
– Birds of Australia
– – List of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds
– – List of Australian birds
– Birds of Europe
Birds of prey
– Eagles
– Falconry
– Falcon
– Harrier
– Kites
– Old World vulture
– Owls
– True hawks
Birdwatching
Bird diseases
– Angel Wing
– Avian adenovirus
– Avian flu
– – Transmission and infection of H5N1
– Bumblefoot
– Gallid herpesvirus 1
– Scaly leg
Famous birds
Feathers
– Plumage
Fictional birds
– Fictional ducks
Flightless birds
– Struthioniformes
Heraldic birds
– American Robin
– Andean Condor
– Blue Jay
– Caladrius
– Canada Goose
– Canary
– Cassowary
– Condor
– Double-headed eagle
– Duck
– Emu
– Goose
– Heron
– Ibis
– Kingfisher
– Kookaburra
– Macaw
– Martlet
– Osprey
– Partridge
– Peafowl
– Pelican
– Pheasant
– Puffin
– Rooster
– Secretary Bird
– Snipe
– Spotted Eagle Owl
– Stork
– Swan
– Toucan
– Vulture
Oology
– Egg
– Ornithology
Poultry
Seabird
– Albatrosses
– Gannets
– Gulls
– – Larus
– Pterodroma
– Shearwaters
– Skuas
– Terns
Shorebirds
– Recurvirostridae
– – Recurvirostra
Swifts

The Birds World

Easter Celebration

Easter is the most important solemnity (just before Christmas) of the Church. It is the first of the five cardinal feasts of the Catholic liturgical year. Easter commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ laid down by the Bible, the third day after his passion. The solemnity begins on Easter Sunday, which for Catholics mark the end of fasting of Lent, and lasts for eight days (Easter week, or week or radiant, or week of eight Sundays).
Many customs dating back to ancient times designed to accommodate the return of spring attached themselves to Easter. The egg is the symbol of germination occurs in early spring. Similarly, the hare is an ancient symbol which has always represented fertility.
The custom of the Easter egg was found among Coptic Christians from the late fifth century, it is perhaps in memory of ardent eggs (ova ignita) with which the martyrs were tortured or red egg laid by an imperial hen the day of the birth of Alexander Severus in 208 BC. The tradition of offering eggs in spring dates back to antiquity: the Persians, the Egyptians offered, as a lucky, decorated hen eggs as renewal sign.
The rabbit once symbolizing fertility and renewal (like spring), it was in Upper Germany where was born the tradition (Osterhase) before it spreads in the Germanic countries. Subsequently, this tradition is exported to the United States by German immigrants in the eighteenth century.

CONTENTS:

Easter
– Date history
– Religious celebrations
– – Catholic Church
– – Orthodox and Eastern Churches
– – Evangelical Church
– Popular festivals and traditions
– Easter eggs
– Easter eggs
– – Symbolic
– – History
– – – The red eggs
– – – Painted eggs, pissanka and precious eggs
– – – Chocolate eggs
– – Games and traditions
– – – Egg hunting
– – – Egg rolling
– – – Egg battles
– Ash Wednesday
– Paschal Triduum
– Easter Water
– – Picking the Easter Water
– – Properties of Easter Water
– – – Physical properties
– – – Spiritual or magical properties
– – Washing in Water Easter
– Paschal candle
– – Rite of fire at Easter
– – Using the paschal candle
– Easter Monday
– – Liturgical and religious significance
– – Folk customs for Easter Monday
– Easter Bunny
– – Origin
– – Alternatives
– Osterbrunnen
Easter food
– Pastiera
– – Origins
– – – Mythical origin
– – – Other origins
– – Tradition
– – Features

MultiMedia Publishing House Edition: https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/easter-celebration/

Easter Celebration

Evolution and Ethics of Eugenics

As eugenics is defined, it is very difficult to make a clear distinction between science (medicine, genetic engineering) and eugenics as a included field. And to set a line over which genetic engineering should not go further, according to moral, legal and religious norms. If we accept the help of genetics in finding ways to fight cancer, diabetes, or HIV, we also accept positive eugenics as they are defined now. And if we accept genetic screening, and interventions on the unborn baby, or abortion, we also implicitly accept negative eugenics. In addition, at government level, although eugenics are officially denied, it has been legalized in many countries until recently, and is still accepted and legalized, albeit in subtle forms, even these days. The section Introduction defines the term and classification modes. The section History of Eugenics follows eugenics from the ancient period, the introduction of eugenics by Francis Galton, the practice of eugenics as a state policy in various countries, and the present eugenics (liberal eugenics). I then analyze various issues raised by the Ethics of Liberal Eugenics, and I have developed a special section for the Future of Eugenics, focusing on the human genome project. Finally, in the Conclusions, I express my personal views on the current practice of eugenics.

CONTENTS:

Abstract
Introduction
New Eugenics
The Future of Eugenics
Conclusions
Bibliography

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28662.45120

MultiMedia Publishing EPUB (ISBN 978-606-033-215-2), Kindle (ISBN 978-606-033-214-5), PDF (ISBN 978-606-033-216-9) https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/evolution-and-ethics-of-eugenics/

Evolution and Ethics of Eugenics

Isaac Newton vs. Robert Hooke on the law of universal gravitation

One of the most disputed controversy over the priority of scientific discoveries is that of the law of universal gravitation, between Isaac Newton and Robert Hooke. Hooke accused Newton of plagiarism, of taking over his ideas expressed in previous works. In this paper I try to show, on the basis of previous analysis, that both scientists were wrong: Robert Hooke because his theory was basically only ideas that would never have materialized without Isaac Newton’s mathematical support; and the latter was wrong by not recognizing Hooke’s ideas in drawing up the theory of gravity. Moreover, after Hooke’s death and taking over the Royal Society presidency, Newton removed from the institution any trace of the former president Robert Hooke. For this, I detail the accusations and arguments of each of the parts, and how this dispute was perceived by the contemporaries of the two scientists. I finish the paper with the conclusions drawn from the contents.

Keywords: Isaac Newton, Robert Hooke, law of gravity, priority, plagiarism

CONTENTS

Abstract
Introduction
Robert Hooke’s contribution to the law of universal gravitation
Isaac Newton’s contribution to the law of universal gravitation
Robert Hooke’s claim of his priority on the law of universal gravitation
Newton’s defense
The controversy in the opinion of other contemporary scientists
What the supporters of Isaac Newton say
What the supporters of Robert Hooke say
Conclusions
Bibliography

14.01.2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.19370.26567

MultiMedia Publishing EPUB (ISBN 978-606-033-206-0), Kindle (ISBN 978-606-033-205-3), PDF (ISBN 978-606-033-204-6) https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/isaac-newton-vs-robert-hooke-on-the-law-of-universal-gravitation/

Isaac Newton vs. Robert Hooke on the law of universal gravitation

About God in Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley and Queries in Opticks

In Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley, Newton rejected the possibility of remote action, even though he accepted it in the Principia. Practically, Newton’s natural philosophy is indissolubly linked to his conception of God. The knowledge of God seems to be essentially immutable, unlike the laws of nature that can be subjected to refining, revision and rejection procedures. As Newton later states in Opticks, the cause of gravity is an active principle in matter, but this active principle is not an essential aspect of matter, but something that must have been added to matter by God, arguing in the same Query of Opticks even the need for divine intervention.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16732.44162

About God in Newton’s correspondence with Richard Bentley and Queries in Opticks

The new (liberal) eugenics

Despite the Nazi horrors, in 1953 the new eugenics was founded, when Watson and Crick postulated the double helix of DNA as the basis of chemical heredity. In 1961, scientists have deciphered the genetic code of DNA, laying the groundwork for code manipulation and the potential building of new life forms. After thirty years from the discovery of the DNA structure, the experimenters began to carry out the first clinical studies of human somatic cell therapy.
The practice of prenatal genetic tests identifies genes or unwanted genetic markers. Parents can choose to continue pregnancy or give up the fetus. Once the preimplantation genetic diagnosis occurs, potential parents can choose to use in vitro fertilization and then test early embryonic cells to identify embryos with genes they prefer or avoid. Because of concerns about eugenics, genetic counseling is based on a “non-directive” policy to ensure respect for reproductive autonomy. The argument for this counseling service is that we should balance parental autonomy with child’s autonomy in the future. Specialists have not yet given a clear answer to the question of whether these practices should be considered eugenic practices, or if they are moral practices.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28777.95849

The new (liberal) eugenics

Time Travel

Time travel is a recognized concept in philosophy and science, but whose scope is highly disputed, giving rise to numerous paradoxes in both philosophy and science. Time travel is considered by some accepted both in general relativity and quantum mechanics, but there is a unanimous consensus that it is not feasible with current technology. (Hawkins 2010) The raised issues are different for the time travel in the past compared to the time travel in the future.

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29776.76804

Time Travel