About Christmas

About ChristmasChristmas characters and food, Christmas-linked holidays and music, Santa Claus and traditions. Related to Annunciation, Incarnation; Crucifixion; Advent, the four weeks preceding Christmas; and the period between the day after Thanksgiving and the Sunday after New Year”s Day, the American holiday season.

Christmas or Christmas Day is a holiday celebrating the birth of Jesus, the central figure of Christianity. Aspects of celebration may include gift-giving, Christmas trees, display of Nativity sets, church attendance, the Father Christmas/Santa Claus myth, and family gatherings. Users of the Gregorian calendar observe the holiday on December 25. Some Eastern Orthodox Churches celebrate on December 25 by the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 on the Gregorian calendar. These dates are merely traditional; the great majority of scholars agree that the actual birthdate of Jesus is unknown. In Western culture, the holiday is characterized by the exchange of gifts among friends and family members, some of the gifts being attributed to Santa Claus (also known as Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, Saint Basil and Father Frost). However, various local and regional Christmas traditions are still practiced, despite the widespread influence of American, British and Australian Christmas motifs disseminated by film, popular literature, television, and other media.

CONTENTS:

Christmas
– Contents
– History
– – Origin of holiday
– – Medieval Christmas and related winter festivals
– – The Reformation and modern times
– The Nativity
– Other dates of celebration
– Regional customs and celebrations
– – Santa Claus and other bringers of gifts
– – – Timing of gifts
– – Declaration of Christmas Peace
– – Decorations
– – Social aspects and entertainment
– – Christmas carol media
– Christmas in the arts and media
– Economics of Christmas
– See also
– References
Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
Christmas Seal
Christmas creep
Christmas in the media
– Christmas movies and videos
– Television and Christmas
– Christmas on the radio
Christmas season
– See also
Festive ecology
– Contents
– Christmas
– Dressing the Arbor Tree, Aston-on-Clun, Shropshire, England
– References
– Further reading
Happy Holiday(s)
Nativity Fast
Nine Lessons and Carols
– Contents
– King’s College, Cambridge
– Order of Service
– External link
Noel
– See also
– References
SantaCon
– Contents
– Santarchy around the world
– Santarchy and the law
– In popular culture
Secret Santa
– A typical Secret Santa
– Variation: Thieving Secret Santa
– References in popular culture
Secularization of Christmas
– Contents
– Incorporating secular or pagan elements into Christmas
– – Protestantism
– – 19th century
– – Early 20th century
– Claims of Christmas censorship
– – Contemporary United States
– See also
– Organizations
– References
– Notes
White Christmas
Xmas
Christmas characters
Santa Claus
– Contents
– Overview
– Historical origins
– Santa Claus in popular culture
– – Santa Claus rituals
– – Ho, ho, ho
– – Santa Claus reindeers’ name
– – Santa Claus on film
– Christian opposition to Santa Claus
– See also
– References
Origins of Santa Claus
– Contents
– – Ancient Christian origins
– – Germanic folklore
– – Modern origins
– – American origins
– – Other possible origins
– See also
Santa Claus rituals
– Contents
– – Christmas Eve rituals
– – Letter writing
– – Websites and e-mail
– – Songs
– – “Santa Claus” in shopping malls
Santa Claus on film
– Contents
– – Origins in film
– – Questioning and believing
– – Santa as a hero
– – Succession of Santas
– – Impostor Santas
Christmas gift-bringers around the world
– Contents
– Christmas gift-bringers around the world
– – Europe and North America
– – Latin America
– – East Asia
– – Central Asia
– – Africa and the Middle East
– – Oceania
Biblical Magi
– Contents
– The nature of the magi
– – Names
– – Tombs
– The gifts of the magi
– Herod
– The birthplace
– – The star of Bethlehem
– – The Bethlehem prophecy
– Religious significance
– – Traditions of the Epiphany
– The Magi depicted in art
– See also
– Cultural References
– References
Caganer
Christkind
– See also
Companions of Saint Nicholas
– Contents
– Appearance
– Tales
– Traditions
– Historical accounts
– Modern perspective
– Controversy
– References
– Literature
Ded Moroz
– Contents
– History
– Regional differences
– – ex-USSR
– – Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Republic of Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro
– – Slovenia
– – Poland
– – Germany
– – Tatar
– See also
– References
Dzied Maroz
– See also
Elf
– Contents
– Characteristics of Traditional Elves
– – Elves in Norse mythology
– – Scandinavian elves
– – German elves
– – English elves
– Modern elves
– – Elves at Christmas
– – Elves in modern fantasy
– – Elves in psychedelic experience
– References
– See also
Father Christmas
– References
– See also
Joulupukki
– Trivia
– Joulupukki’s Dark Side?
– See also
Julemanden
Kris Kringle
– Related uses
La Befana
Mos Gerila
– References
Mr. Bingle
– History
– Mr. Bingle in Tennessee
Mrs. Claus
– Contents
– Origin of Mrs. Claus
– Depictions in popular media
– – Movies
– – Television
– See also
Saint Nicholas
– Contents
– Nicholas the clergyman
– – Bishop Nicholas at the First Ecumenical Council
– – Abduction of his relics
– The face of the historical saint
– Deeds and miracles attributed to Saint Nicholas
– Formal veneration of the saint
– In iconography
– Saint Nicholas the festive gift-giver
– – Celebration in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary and Luxembourg
– – Celebration in the Netherlands
– – Celebration in Belgium
– – Celebration in France
– – Celebration in Portugal
– – Benjamin Britten cantata
– Metamorphosis in Demre
– See also
Olentzero
– Appearance
Pere Noel
Santa Claus’ reindeer
– Contents
– Origins
– The reindeer
– – Original eight
– – – Sleigh order
– – – Descriptions
– – – Meaning of names
– – Additional reindeer since the writing of the poem
– – – Rudolph (the red-nosed reindeer)
– – – Robbie (Rudolph’s son)
– – – Olive, the Other Reindeer
– See also
– References
Tio de Nadal
– See also
Tomte
– Contents
– Appearance
– Temperament
– The heathen tomte
– Similar folklore
– The modern tomte
– See also
– References
– External link
Yule Goat
– See also
Yule Lads
Christmas movie
– List of Christmas movies
– Movies set during the Christmas season
Christmas television special
– American television
– British television
– Examples of American Christmas television specials
Christmas food
– Contents
– Belgium
– Canada
– Czech Republic
– Denmark
– Finland
– France
– Germany
– Italy
– Japan
– Lithuania
– New Zealand
– Norway
– Poland
– Serbia
– Spain
– Sweden
– United Kingdom
– United States
– Venezuela
Bebinca
– External link
Bethmannchen
Brandy butter
– Description
– Trivia
Bredela
Buche de Noel
Bunuelo
Bunuelos
Candy cane
– Urban legends about the origin of candy canes
– Other uses
Cesnica
Christmas cake
– Christmas cake in other countries
– References
Christmas cookies
– See also
Christmas ham
Christmas pudding
– Contents
– Basics
– The wish and other traditions
– After Christmas
– See also
Cranberry sauce
– Cranberry Trivia
Eggnog
Folar
Fritule
Fruitcake
– Contents
– History
– Fruitcake in popular culture
– See also
Ganzeltopf
Gingerbread
Glogg
Hallaca
– Contents
– Origins
– Tradition
– Preparation
– Culture
– Notes
Joulupoyta
Julmust
Kalach
– Ukrainian tradition
Knack
– Recipe
Kutia
– General recipe
Lebkuchen
Lefse
Lutefisk
– Contents
– General
– – Preparation
– – Cooking
– – Eating
– Origin
– – Inception
– – Traces in literature
– Misconception of Norwegians and lutefisk
– Lutefisk humor
– Other
– Spellings
– Notes
Marzipan
– Contents
– Recipe
– History
– Etymology
– Trivia
Mince pie
– Contents
– Description
– History
– Folklore and Traditions
– Variations
– Trivia
– References
– Notes
Mincemeat tart
Mulled wine
– See also
Oplatek
Pandoro
– History
Panettone
– Contents
– Origins
– Panettone leaves Italy
Pfeffernusse
Pinnekjott
Pio Quinto
Portuguese sweet bread
– See also
Queso de bola
– See also
Reveillon
– Food
– Differences
Rice pudding
– Types of Rice Pudding
– – East Asia
– – South Asia
– – Middle East
– – Europe
– – Latin America
– – North America
– History
– Rice pudding in folklore
– Rice pudding in literature
Romeritos
Rum ball
– Recipe
Rumtopf
Smalahove
– How to eat smalahove
Sorpotel
Spritzgeback
Stollen
– Contents
– History
– Stollen today
– See also
Sugar plum
– The Sugar Plum Tree
– References
Szaloncukor
Tamale
– Contents
– Tamales in Latin America
– Tamales in the United States
– Tamales in the Caribbean
Tourtiere
– Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
Trifle
Turron
Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper
Vanillekipferl
Wassail
– Contents
– History
– Recipes
– Other uses and similarities
Yule log
Christmas-linked holidays
Black Friday
– Contents
– Origin
– Response (Buy Nothing Day)
– Workers
– Controversy
– See also
Boxing Day
– Contents
– Origins
– Commonwealth observance
– European observance
– Canadian observance
– Trivia
– References
Boxing Week
Chrismahanukwanzakah
– See also
Chrismukkah
– See also
Christmas Eve
– Declaration of Christmas Peace
– See also
Christmas Sunday
Distaff day
Epiphany
– Contents
– Epiphany in different Christian rites
– – Western Christian Churches (Old World)
– – Western Christian Churches Spain and Ibero-America
– – Eastern Christian Churches
– See also
Handsel Monday
Hogmanay
– Contents
– Origins
– Customs
– Presbyterian Influence
– Ne’erday
– Handsel Day
– Etymology
– References
HumanLight
Night of the Radishes
Posadas
– Contents
– Meaning
– Ritual
– Mexico
Purification of the Virgin
– Contents
– Date
– History
– Relation to non-Christian celebrations
– Traditions and superstitions
– References
Sol Invictus
– Contents
– Elagabalus
– Aurelian
– Constantine
– Sol Invictus and Christianity
– Notes
St. Stephen’s Day
– Contents
– Around the world
– – Ireland
– – Catalonia
– – Republika Srpska
– See also
Twelfth Night
– Contents
– Origins and history
– Traditions
– Influence on Literature
– Modern Esotericism
– See also
– References
Twelve Days of Christmas
– Contents
– Festival
– Christmas carol
– – Structure and lyrics
– – Symbolic interpretation
– – Standard variations
– – Parodies
– – Cost
– References
Twelve Holy Days
– See also
– References
Winterval
– Contents
– Birmingham controversy
– [edit] See also
Christmas music
– Contents
– List of Christmas songs
– – General Christmas songs
– – Best known by one particular artist
– – Not intended as a Christmas song
– Christmas albums
– – Christmas songs introduced in movies and other popular media
– French language Christmas songs
– German language Christmas songs
– Occitan language Christmas songs
– Swedish language Christmas songs
Christmas carol
– Media
– See also
List of Christmas carols
– Well known carols
– Popular Christmas songs that are not considered carols
Charity record
Christmas traditions
Advent calendar
– See also
Advent wreath
American Christmas traditions
– Contents
– Introduction
– Traditions
– – Christmas tree
– – Santa Claus
– – Nativity scene
– – Christmas card
– – Christmas carol
– – Christmas gift
– – Christmas lights
– – Television and movies
– See also
Ashen faggot
– See also
Christmas Bird Count
– Contents
– History
– Methods
– Participation
Bracebridge dinner
Bubble light
– Patents
Christmas card
– Contents
– History
– The Christmas card list
– Christmas letters
– Variants on the concept
– Charity
Carols by Candlelight
– Contents
– History
– Events
– Broadcast
Christmas cracker
– History
Christmas customs in Poland
– See also
Christmas customs in Romania
– See also
Christmas customs in the Philippines
– Contents
– Misa de Gallo (Dec. 16-24)
– Christmas Eve
– Christmas Day
– Niños Inocentes
– New Year’s Eve (Dec. 31)
– Three Kings (First Sunday of the year)
– Decorations
– – Parol
– – Belen
– Caroling
Christmas dinner
– Contents
– Christmas dinner around the world
– – Australia
– – Austria
– – Canada
– – Eastern Europe
– – Germany
– – Mexico
– – United Kingdom
– – United States
– References
Christmas tree
– Contents
– Dates
– Types of trees used
– – Natural trees
– – Artificial trees
– – – Feather trees
– – – Modern trees
– – – Designer trees
– – – Outdoor trees
– – – Other gimmicks
– – – Environmental issues
– Decoration and ornaments
– – Tree mats and skirts
– – Flocking
– History
– – Name controversy
– – Usage controversy
– See also
Christmas worldwide
– Contents
– Asia
– – India
– – Korea
– – Japan
– – People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Macao
– – Philippines
– – Republic of China (Taiwan)
– The Americas
– – Mexico
– – United States and Canada
– – South America
– Australia
– Europe
– – Central Europe
– – – Czech Republic
– – – Poland
– – – Slovakia
– – Eastern Europe
– – – Romania
– – – Russia
– – Northern Europe
– – – German-speaking areas of Europe
– – – Germany
– – – The Netherlands and Belgium
– – – Sweden
– – – Norway
– – – Finland
– – Southern Europe
– – Ireland
– – The UK
– Africa
– – Nigeria
– See also
Christmastime greetings
– Contents
– History
– – Merry / Happy Christmas
– References
– See also
Festival of Trees
Garland
German Christmas traditions
– Contents
– Introduction
– Tannenbaum
– St. Nicholas
– Food and drink
– Three Magi
– See also
Grand Illumination
– Trivia
– See also
Hanukkah bush
– Notes
Holiday Trail of Lights
Hollywood Christmas Parade
– History
– Grand Marshals
– Sources
Koleda
– See also
Koledari
Kucios
Christmas lights
– Contents
– History
– Types
– Sizes
– Sets
– Ornamentation
– Safety
– Outdoor displays
– Light sculptures
– Other holidays
– Trivia
Christmas Market
– See also
National Christmas Tree
– See also
Nativity scene
Nutcracker
– Decorative
– Functional
Christmas ornament
– Notes
– See also
Pagan beliefs surrounding Christmas
– Contents
– Jesus’ birth
– – Why do people celebrate Jesus’ birth on December 25?
– Traditions
– – Kissing under mistletoe
– – The Christmas tree
– – Yule log
– Bibliography
Pasterka
Christmas pickle
Pumpkin pie
Rich’s Great Tree
– See also
Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree
– See also
Royal Christmas Message
– Contents
– History
– Messages by year
– – The 1995 Christmas Message (BBC)
– – The 1996 Christmas Message (BBC)
– – The 1997 Christmas Message (ITN)
– – The 2001 Christmas Message (ITN)
– – The 2003 Christmas Message (ITN)
– – The 2004 Christmas Message (BBC)
– – – Reaction
– – The 2005 Christmas Message (ITN)
– Alternative Christmas message
– – List of Alternative Message Presenters
– – 2004 Alternative Message
– – 2005 Alternative Message
– Elsewhere
Santa Claus parade
– History
– Notable parades
– See also
Santa’s Grotto
Santon
Christmas stamp
– Contents
– History
– Designs
– Usage
– Collecting
– Other holiday stamps
– References
Christmas stocking
Striezelmarkt
– Contents
– – Features of today’s Striezelmarkt
– – Wooden Ornaments
– – Food and drink
Toronto Santa Claus Parade
Tree topper
Christmas village
Wassailing
– The Traditional Wassail Ceremony
Wigilia
License
GNU Free Documentation License
– GNU Free Documentation License
Index
– Christmas
About the author
– Nicolae Sfetcu
– – Contact
Publishing House
– MultiMedia Publishing

About Christmas

Heavy Water: A School of Romanian Scientific and Technological Research, a Paradigm in Kuhn’s Sense

Sfetcu, Nicolae, “Heavy Water: A School of Romanian Scientific and Technological Research, a Paradigm in Kuhn’s Sense “, in MultiMedia (March 10, 2023), MultiMedia Publishing, DOI:, ISBN: 978-606-033-789-8, https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/heavy-water-a-school-of-romanian-scientific-and-technological-research-a-paradigm-in-kuhns-sense/   From the position of a simple employee of the Drobeta … Read More

The post Heavy Water: A School of Romanian Scientific and Technological Research, a Paradigm in Kuhn’s Sense appeared first on MultiMedia.

About Cats

About CatsA guide for the cat lovers about the cat behavior, cat attractants, cat breeds, cat health and food, type of cats, cats as pets, fictional cats, films about cats, historical cats. A book full with pictures of the most important cat breeds, tips and advice for cat behavior, cat diseases and how to take care of the cats.

The cat, also called the domestic cat or house cat, is a small feline carnivorous mammal of the subspecies Felis silvestris catus. Its most immediate pre-domestication ancestor is the African wild cat, Felis silvestris lybica. The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3,500 years; the Ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents (mostly rats) away from their grain (and also believed that cats were sacred to the goddess Bastet). The history of the domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000-year-old bones of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus.

CONTENS:

Cat
– Characteristics
– – Physical
– – Senses
– – – Sight
– – – Hearing
– – – Smell
– – – Touch
– – – Taste
– – Communication
– – Hunting and diet
– – Hygiene
– – – Declawing
– – Environment
– Reproduction and genetics
– Domestication
– – Feral cats
– – Environmental issues
– Scientific classification
– Varieties of domestic cat
– History and mythology
– References
– See also
– Purebred
– See also
– Animal Communication
– Intraspecies vs. interspecies communication
– Interspecies communication
– – Prey to predator
– – Predator to prey
– – Symbiotic species
– – Human/animal communication
– Intraspecies communication
– – Forms of communication
– – Functions of communication
– – Evolution of communication
– Communication and understanding
– Animal communication and human behaviour
– Animal communication and linguistics
– BIKECAT
– Introduction
– BIKECAT’s characteristics
– BIKECAT’s increased popularity
– – Origins of his nickname
– – What users think of him
– His pictures
– See also
– Black Cat
– Historical associations
– Witchcraft
– Cat Coat Genetics
– Genes involved in albinism, dominant white, and white spotting
– Genes involved in orange, black, brown, and diluted colors
– Genes involved in fur pattern and shading
– How breeders can identify and separate tabby genes
– Genes involved in fur length and texture
– See also
– Cat Deterrent
– – Lion Dung
– – Citrus deterrents
– – Ultrasonic device
– – Electric fencing
– Cat Hoarding
– References
– Cat Show
– Registering bodies
– See also
– Catgirl
– List of catgirl characters
– Cats in Ancient Egypt
– Cats in other religions
– Cats in everyday life in Ancient Egypt
– Cats in Egyptian mythology
– Bubastis and the Cult of the Cat
– Funerary traditions
– The decline of cat-worship
– References
– See also
– Felis
– Felis Britannica
– Feral Cat Colony
– Colonies often considered a nuisance
– “Managed” colonies
– Breeds arising from feral cat colonies
– Fédération Internationale Féline
– Kitten
– Birth and development
– Caring for domestic kittens
– Perceptions of cuteness
– See also
– Pedigree
– See also
– Points (Coat Color)
– Breeds with points
– Purr
– How felines purr
– – Historical theories
– Why felines purr
– Other examples of purring
– References
– Selective Breeding
– Selective Breeding Methods
– – Closed vs. open studbook
– – Crossbreeding and backbreeding
– Purebred Cats, Dogs and the Debate over ‘Breed Purity’
– Purebreds
– Show
– See also
– Show Cat
– See also
– Taboo Food and Drink
– Pets
– – Cats
– References
– Taurine
– Chemistry
– Physiology and Pharmacology
– Uses
– Winged Cat
– Historical Winged Cats
– Feline Cutaneous Asthenia
– Veterinary Reports
– Winged Cats in Popular Culture
Cat Behavior
Cat Body Language
– Some subtle Anthropomorphisms
Catfight
– In Popular Culture
Evening Crazies
Socialization
– Cats
Cat Attractants
Dihydroactinidiolide
Nepeta
– Effects on cats
Nepetalactone
Cat Breeds
– See also
List of Cat Breeds
– Longhair and semi-longhair
– Shorthair
– Breeds with unusual physical features
– External References
Abyssinian
– Abyssinian Cat
– Famous Abyssinians
American Bobtail
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Curl
– American Curl
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
American Wirehair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Angora
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Australian Mist
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bahraini Dilmun Cat
Balinese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bengal Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– New Developments
Birman
– Alternative Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Bombay
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origins
– Characteristics
– Personality
British Longhair
British Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Breed Description
– Origin
– Temperament
– Care
Burmese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Burmilla
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chantilly/Tiffany cat
California Spangled Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chartreux
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Chausie
Chinchilla Longhair
Cornish Rex
– Common Nicknames
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origin
Cymric
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Devon Rex
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Don Sphynx
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Egyptian Mau
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Popular Culture
– References
European Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Exotic Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Known movie apparition
– Appearance
– Description
– Character
– Care and grooming
Foldex Cat
Foreign White
Havana Brown
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Himalayan
– Trivia
Japanese Bobtail
– History
– General
Javanese
– Breed standards (external links)
Korat
– Alternative names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
LaPerm
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– LaPerm Breed Profile
– History
– Description
– LaPerms in the UK
Maine Coon
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Origin
– Physical characteristics
– Behavioral characteristics
– Health considerations
Manx
– Common nicknames:
– Country of origin:
– Breed standards (external links):
– Origin
– Other Tailless Cats
– Tail length
– Health
– – Manx Syndrome
– Personality
– Coat
– Trivia
– See also
– Reference
Minx
– Minx
– Mynx
Munchkin
– Genetics
Nebelung
Neva Masquerade
Norwegian Forest Cat
– Alternative names
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Countries introduced
Ocicat
Ojos Azules
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
– References
Oriental Longhair
Oriental Shorthair
– Country of origin
– Alternative Names
– Breed standards (external links)
– Description
– Origins
– Oriental Shorthairs as pets
Oriental Cat
Persian
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Peterbald
Pixie-Bob
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Breed Description
– – Physical characteristics
– – Temperament
– Breed history
– Other information
Ragamuffin
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– General Description
– History
– – Mrs. Ann Baker
– Color forms
– Personality
Ragdoll
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– History
– Characteristics
Rex Cat
– See also
Russian Blue
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
Savannah
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Generations
– Characteristics
– Behaviors
– Care
Scottish Fold
Selkirk Rex
Serengeti Cat
Siamese
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Variations
– Famous Siamese cats
Colorpoint Shorthair
Siberian
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Singapura
– Alternate Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Snowshoe
Sokoke
– Alternative Names
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Somali
– Nicknames
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Sphynx
Sterling
Tonkinese
– Common nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– References
Toyger
Turkish Angora
– Alternative name
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Physical characteristics
– Behavioral Characteristics
– History
Turkish Van
– Common Nickname
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
– Notes
– Characteristics
– Breed standards
– Preservation
– Origins
– Vans as pets
York Chocolate Cat
– Country of origin
– Breed standards (external links)
Cat Health
Cat Anatomy
Pectoral Muscles
– Pectoantibranchialis
– Pectoralis major
– Pectoralis minor
– Xiphihumeralis
Accessory Muscles of the Scapula
– Levator Scapulae Ventralis
– Teres Major
– Teres Minor
Latissimus Dorsi
– Training
Deltoid Muscles
– Acromiodeltoid
– Spinodeltoid
– Clavodeltoid (Clavobranchialis; Cleidobranchialis)
Multifidus Spinae
Sacrospinalis
– Sacrospinalis muscle
– Semispinalis
– Longissimus
– Iliocostalis
– Details From Gray’s Anatomy
– – Iliocostalis
– – Longissimus
– – Spinalis
Deeper Muscles of the Neck and Back
– Rhomboideus
– Rhomboideus capitis
– Splenius
– Serratus Ventralis
– Serratus Dorsalis
– Intercostals
Integumental Muscles
Abdominal Muscles
– External Oblique
– Internal Oblique
– Transversus Abdominis
– Rectus Abdominis
– See also
Bordetella
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Cheyletiellosis
– Cheyletiella species
– References
Corneal Ulcer
– Corneal anatomy of the dog and cat
– Corneal healing
– Superficial and deep corneal ulcers
– – Diagnosis
– – Treatment
– Refractory corneal ulcers
– – Treatment
– Melting ulcers
– Corneal ulcers in cats
– References
Coronavirus
– Diseases of coronavirus
– SARS
– Recent discoveries of novel human coronaviruses
– Species
– References
Diabetes
– Symptoms
– Treatment
– – Diet
– – Pills
– – Insulin injections
– – Neuropathy in cats
– Dosage and regulation
– – Blood sugar guidelines
– – Detecting and avoiding chronic somogyi rebound
– Hypoglycemic episode
– Remission in cats
Ear Mite
– Contagion
– Consequences of infection
Feline Panleukopenia
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
– Transmission and infection
– Symptoms
– – Effusive (wet)
– – Non-effusive (dry)
– Diagnosis
– Treatment
Feline Leukemia Virus
– Transmission
– Progression
– Viral structure
– Comparison with FIV
Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
– Symptoms
– Causes
– Treatment
– Further Reading
Fibrosarcoma
– ICD-10
– Pathology
– Fibrosarcoma in dogs and cats
– – Reference
Flea
– Life Cycle
Great Muscles of the Head
– Masseter
– Temporalis
Hairball
Heart Valve Dysplasia
– References
Heartworm
– History of the disease
– – Heartworm in North America
– The parasite
– Course of infestation
– Symptoms of infestation
– Epidemiology
– Testing
– Treatment
– Prevention
– Human health considerations
– Resources and external links
Hip Dysplasia
– Description
– Causes
– Detection
– Prevention
– Symptoms
– Treatment
– References
Hyperthyroidism
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– Causes
– Signs and symptoms
– Diagnosis
– Treatment
– – Surgery
– – Radioiodine
– – Thyrostatics
– Veterinary medicine
– See also
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– OMIM
– MedlinePlus
– eMedicine
– DiseasesDB
– The disease in humans
– – Symptoms
– – Treatment
– – Causes
– The disease in dogs
– The disease in cats
– References
Luxating Patella
– References
Lymphoma in Animals
– Lymphoma in dogs
– – Classification
– – Symptoms
– – Diagnosis
– – Treatment
– – Prognosis
– Lymphoma in cats
– – Symptoms
– – Treatment and prognosis
– Lymphoma in ferrets
– References
Mastocytoma
– Symptoms
– Diagnosis
– Treatment and prognosis
– Mast cell tumors in cats
– References
Onychectomy
Parvovirus
Polyneuropathy
– Most common types of polyneuropathy
– References
Protothecosis
– Reference
Rabies
– ICD-10
– ICD-9
– Transmission and symptoms
– The virus
– Prevention
– – Post-exposure prophylaxis
– – Pre-exposure prophylaxis
– Prevalence
– Recently publicised cases
– – Transmission by animal bites
– – Transmission through organ transplants
– Transport of pet animals between countries
– Rabies and domestic skunks in the United States
Raw Feeding
Spaying and Neutering
– Household pets
– Modern Non-surgical Alternatives
– – Injectable
– – Other Methods
– Females (spaying)
– – Terms for the spayed
– Males (neutering)
– – Terms for the neutered
– References
Tick
– Characteristics
– Ticks as disease vectors
– Location
– Facts
– Life cycle
– – Deer (black-legged) tick
– – – Larva
– – – Nymph
– – – Adult
– References
Trapezius Muscles
– Clavotrapezius
– Acromiotrapezius
– Spinotrapezius
Cat Types
American Keuda
Asian Semi-Longhair
Bicolor Cat
– Gallery of bicolour “Tuxedo” cats
Domestic Longhair Cat
Domestic Shorthaired Cat
– See also
Farm Cat
Feral Cat
– In the United States
– In Australia
– In Rome
– Feral cats and island restoration
– Activism
– References
Maltese Cat
Moggy
Tabby Cat
– Tabby colors and patterns
– Gallery of tabby types
Tortoiseshell Cat
– See also
– References
Tuxedo Cat
– See also
Ussuri
– Conformation
– Color & Pattern
Cats as Pets
Animal Euthanasia
– Morality Debate
Animal Shelter
Cat Flap
Cat Food
– Ingredients of Cat Food
– Forms of Commercial Cat Food
– Cat Food Nutrient Profiles
– Cat food brands
– References
– Further Information
Cat Litter
– Conventional litter
– Clumping litter
– Silica gel litter
– Biodegradable litter
– Litter for dogs
Litter Box
Operation Kindness
– Mission
– Programs and services
– – Adoptions
– – Spay/Neuter
– – Habitat for Hounds
– – Education
– – Nursing Home Visits
– Donations
Scratching Post
Fictional Cats
– Legendary, mythological and fairytale cats
– Cats and felines in literature
– T. S. Eliot Cats
– Cats in books by Andre Norton
– Cats and felines in plays
– Cats and felines in film
– Cats and felines in television
– Cats and felines in animation, comics and puppetry
– Cats in electronic/video games
– Cats in song
– Cats in science
– Cats and felines on the Internet and in IT
– See also
Cats and Dogs
– Working titles
– Credits
– – Cast
– – – Voice only
– Synopsis
Cheshire Cat
– Quotes
Felix the Cat
– Creation
– Unprecedented popularity
– – Felix as mascot
– From silent to sound
– The cat’s comeback
– References
Tom and Jerry
– Plot and format
– Characters
– – Thomas “Tom” Cat (a.k.a. Jasper) and Gerald “Jerry” Mouse (a.k.a. Jinx)
– – Other characters
– History and evolution
– – The Hanna-Barbera years
– – The Gene Deitch era
– – The Chuck Jones era
– – Tom and Jerry hit television
– – Tom & Jerry’s new owners
– – Censorship
– Post-Golden Age Cartoons
– Feature films
– Other formats
– Tom and Jerry in foreign countries
– The Oscar-winning shorts
– References
– Trivia
History of Cats
– Ancient Egypt
– Vikings
– Middle Ages
– Asia
– Islam
– Europe
– Modern times
List of Historical Cats
– Cats famous in their own right
– Pets of famous people
– – Famous pets of Presidents and their families
– – Famous pets of other famous people
– – Unnamed
– Wild cats

MultiMedia Publishing https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/cats/

The Birds World

Birds are among the most extensively studied of all animal groups. Hundreds of academic journals and thousands of scientists are devoted to bird research, while amateur enthusiasts (called birdwatchers or, more commonly, birders) probably number in the millions.
Birds are categorised as a biological class, Aves. The earliest known species of this class is Archaeopteryx lithographica, from the Late Jurassic period. According to the most recent consensus, Aves and a sister group, the order Crocodilia, together form a group of unnamed rank, the Archosauria.
Phylogenetically, Aves is usually defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds (or of a specific modern bird species like Passer domesticus), and Archaeopteryx. Modern phylogenies place birds in the dinosaur clade Theropoda.
Modern birds are divided into two superorders, the Paleognathae (mostly flightless birds like ostriches), and the wildly diverse Neognathae, containing all other birds.

CONTENTS:

Birds
– Alektorophobia
– Avian incubation
– Bird abatement
– Bird anatomy
– – Bird skeleton
– Bird bath
– Bird feeding
– – Bird food
– – Bird feeder
– Bird flight
– – Wing clipping
– Bird intelligence
– – Language of the birds
– Nidification
Aviculture
– Domesticated birds
– – Australian Spotted
– – Barbary Dove
– – Budgerigar
– – Cayuga Duck
– – Chicken
– – Cockatiel
– – Cockatoo
– – Common Pheasant
– – Crested Guineafowl
– – Domestic Canary
– – Domesticated duck
– – Domesticated goose
– – Domesticated turkey
– – Homing pigeon
– – Indian Runner Duck
– – Khaki Campbell
– – Ostrich
– – Pekin duck
– – Quail
– – Rock Pigeon
– – Zebra Finch
– African Grey Parrot
– Bird-safe
– British finches
– Caique
– Carrier pigeon
– Citron-crested Cockatoo
– Companion parrot
– Conure
– Cyanoramphus
– Hawaiian Goose
– Hill Myna
– Kākāriki
– Lilian’s Lovebird
– Long-billed Vulture
– Moluccan Cockatoo
– Parrotlet
– – Khaki Campbell
– Pigeon racing
– Pink Pigeon
– Red-and-green Macaw
– Rose-ringed Parakeet
– Rosy-faced Lovebird
– Senegal Parrot
– Softbill
– Spix’s Macaw
– Sun Parakeet
– Umbrella Cockatoo
Bird migration flyways
– Flyway
– Atlantic Flyway
– Central Flyway
– East Asian – Australasian Flyway
– Mississippi Flyway
– Pacific Flyway
Bird topography
– Beak
– Supercilium
Birds by classification
– Extinct birds
– – (Probably) Extinct birds
– – Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
– – Paleornithology
– – Fossil birds
– – Neornithes
– – Aves incertae sedis
– Suborders of birds
– – Corvida
– – Artamidae
– – Artamus
– – Cracticus
– – Gymnorhina
– – Currawong
– – Atrichornithidae
– – Callaeidae
– – Campephagidae
– – Cinclosomatidae
– – Psophodes
– – Climacteridae
– – Corcorachidae
– – Corvidae
– – Aphelocoma
– – Cissa
– – Corvus
– – Raven
– – Crypsirina
– – Cyanocitta
– – Cyanocorax
– – Cyanolyca
– – Cyanopica
– – Garrulus
– – Nucifraga
– – Perisoreus
– – Pica
– – Podoces
– – Pyrrhocorax
– – Urocissa
– – Dicruridae
– – Drongos
– – Monarchinae
– – Lamprolia
– – Rhipidurinae
– – Tersiphone
– – Icteridae
– – Irenidae
– – Laniidae
– – Malaconotidae
– – Tchagra
– – Maluridae
– – Meliphagoidea
– – Meliphagidae
– – Acanthorhynchus
– – Anthochaera
– – Manorina
– – Moho
– – Philemon
– – Phylidonyris
– – Menuridae
– – Neosittidae
– – Oriolidae
– – Orthonychidae
– – Pachycephalidae
– – Pitohui
– – Paradisaeidae
– – Pardalotidae
– – Pardalote
– – Petroicidae
– – Pityriaseidae
– – Pomatostomidae
– – Prionopidae
– – Ptilonorhynchidae
– – Turnagridae
– – Vangidae
– – Vireonidae
– – Passeri
– – Passerida
– – Aegithalidae
– – Aegithinidae
– – Alaudidae
– – Alauda
– – Chersophilus
– – Eremophila
– – Lullula
– – Melanocorypha
– – Buphagidae
– – Cardinalidae
– – Grosbeak
– – Certhiidae
– – Chaetopidae
– – Cinclidae
– – Cisticolidae
– – Coerebidae
– – Dicaeidae
– – Drepanididae
– – Melamprosops
– – Psittirostra
– – Vestiaria
– – Emberizidae
– – Ammodramus
– – Calamospiza
– – Calcarius
– – Chondestes
– – Emberiza
– – Geospizini
– – Juncos
– – Passerculus
– – Passerella
– – Pipilo
– – Pooecetes
– – Seedeater
– – Spizella
– – Zonotrichia
– – Estrildidae
– – Padda
– – Fringillidae
– – Carduelis
– – Carpodacus
– – Coccothraustes
– – Eophona
– – Euphoniinae
– – Chlorophonia
– – Euphonia
– – Fringilla
– – Leucosticte
– – Loxia
– – Pinicola
– – Pyrrhula
– – Rhodopechys
– – Serinus
– – Hirundinidae
– – Pseudochelidoninae
– – Hypocoliidae
– – Leafbirds
– – Melanocharitidae
– – Mimidae
– – Motacillidae
– – Muscicapidae
– – Ficedula
– – Saxicolinae
– – Cercotrichas
– – Cochoa
– – Copsychus
– – Cossypha
– – Enicurus
– – Erithacus
– – Luscinia
– – Oenanthe
– – Phoenicurus
– – Saxicola
– – Sheppardia
– – Nectariniidae
– – Nuthatches
– – Old World babblers
– – Paradoxornithidae
– – Paramythiidae
– – Paridae
– – Pseudopodoces
– – Parulidae
– – Dendroica
– – Seiurus
– – Vermivora
– – Passeridae
– – Peucedramidae
– – Picathartidae
– – Platysteiridae
– – Ploceidae
– – Polioptilidae
– – Promeropidae
– – Prunellidae
– – Ptilogonatidae
– – Pycnonotidae
– – Regulidae
– – Remizidae
– – Rhabdornithidae
– – Sturnidae
– – Acridotheres
– – Aplonis
– – Gracula
– – Sturnus
– – Sylviidae
– – Acrocephalus
– – Bradypterus
– – Chamaea
– – Hippolais
– – Locustella
– – Orthotomus
– – Phylloscopus
– – Sylvia
– – Thraupidae
– – Cyanerpes
– – Habia
– – Piranga
– – Ramphocelus
– – Spindalis
– – Tangara
– – Thraupis
– – Troglodytidae
– – Campylorhynchus
– – Troglodytes
– – Turdidae
– – Alethes
– – Bluebirds
– – Catharus thrushes
– – Myadestes
– – Rock thrushes
– – Zoothera
– – Viduidae
– – Waxwings
– – Zosteropidae
– – Zosterops
– – Tyranni
– – Acanthisittidae
– – Conopophagidae
– – Cotingidae
– – Cephalopterus
– – Procnias
– – Rupicola
– – Eurylaimidae
– – Calyptomena
– – Formicariidae
– – Furnariidae
– – Furnarius
– – Pseudocolaptes
– – Xenops
– – Philepittidae
– – Pipridae
– – Chiroxiphia
– – Manacus
– – Pitta
– – Rhinocryptidae
– – Thamnophilidae
– – Tyrannidae
– – Aphanotriccus
– – Attila
– – Contopus
– – Empidonax
– – Lathrotriccus
– – Myiarchus
– – Myiozetetes
– – Sayornis
– – Tityra
– – Tyrannus
– Parvorders of birds
– Superfamilies of birds
– – Anatoidea
– Bird families
– – Bird families – A
– – Accipitridae
– – Aegothelidae
– – Aepyornithidae
– – Alcedinidae
– – Alcidae
– – Anhingidae
– – Apterygidae
– – Bird families – B
– – Bucerotidae
– – Bird families – C
– – Caprimulgidae
– – Casuariidae
– – Cathartidae
– – Charadriidae
– – Chionididae
– – Columbidae
– – Bird families – D
– – Dendrocolaptidae
– – Dinornithidae
– – Dromadidae
– – Dromornithidae
– – Bird families – E
– – Bird families – F
– – Falconidae
– – Fregatidae
– – Bird families – G
– – Gastornithidae
– – Bird families – H
– – Haematopodidae
– – Hydrobatidae
– – Bird families – I
– – Ibidorhynchidae
– – Bird families – L
– – Bird families – M
– – Mesitornithidae
– – Bird families – N
– – Bird families – O
– – Bird families – P
– – Pedionomidae
– – Phaethontidae
– – Phalacrocoracidae
– – Phasianidae
– – Phorusrhacidae
– – Picidae
– – Plotopteridae
– – Pluvianellidae
– – Podicipedidae
– – Presbyornithidae
– – Psittacidae
– – Pteroclididae
– – Bird families – R
– – Rallidae
– – Raphidae
– – Rostratulidae
– – Bird families – S
– – Scolopacidae
– – Spheniscidae
– – Strigidae
– – Sulidae
– – Sylviornithidae
– – Bird families – T
– – Teratornithidae
– – Tetraonidae
– – Threskiornithidae
– – Trochilidae
– – Tytonidae
– – Bird families – V
– – Bird families – W
– Subfamilies of birds
– – Bucorvinae
– – Anatinae
– – Anserinae
– – Buteoninae
– – Chordeilinae
– – Mancallinae
– – Merginae
– – Palaeeudyptinae
– – Phaethornithinae
– – Tadorninae
– – Vanellinae
– Tribes of birds
– – Nestorini
– – Platycercini
– Passeriformes
– Carinatae
Birds by geography
– Endemism in birds
– Birds of Africa
– Birds of Asia
– Birds of Australia
– – List of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds
– – List of Australian birds
– Birds of Europe
Birds of prey
– Eagles
– Falconry
– Falcon
– Harrier
– Kites
– Old World vulture
– Owls
– True hawks
Birdwatching
Bird diseases
– Angel Wing
– Avian adenovirus
– Avian flu
– – Transmission and infection of H5N1
– Bumblefoot
– Gallid herpesvirus 1
– Scaly leg
Famous birds
Feathers
– Plumage
Fictional birds
– Fictional ducks
Flightless birds
– Struthioniformes
Heraldic birds
– American Robin
– Andean Condor
– Blue Jay
– Caladrius
– Canada Goose
– Canary
– Cassowary
– Condor
– Double-headed eagle
– Duck
– Emu
– Goose
– Heron
– Ibis
– Kingfisher
– Kookaburra
– Macaw
– Martlet
– Osprey
– Partridge
– Peafowl
– Pelican
– Pheasant
– Puffin
– Rooster
– Secretary Bird
– Snipe
– Spotted Eagle Owl
– Stork
– Swan
– Toucan
– Vulture
Oology
– Egg
– Ornithology
Poultry
Seabird
– Albatrosses
– Gannets
– Gulls
– – Larus
– Pterodroma
– Shearwaters
– Skuas
– Terns
Shorebirds
– Recurvirostridae
– – Recurvirostra
Swifts

The Birds World

Plato, The Republic: On Justice – Dialectics and Education

Plato drew on the philosophical work of some of his predecessors, especially Socrates, but also Parmenides, Heraclitus, and Pythagoras, to develop his own philosophy, which explores most important fields, including metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics, and politics. With his professor Socrates and … Read More

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The Republic – On Justice (Annotated), by Plato

Πολιτεία, published on 375 BC, by Plato (428/427 or 424/423 BC – 348/347 BC) Translation by Benjamin Jowett (1817 – 1893), Published by The Colonial Press in 1901 Special Introduction by William Cranston Lawton (1853 – 1941) Introduction by Nicolae … Read More

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