Author: Dictionaries

The distinction between falsification and refutation in the demarcation problem of Karl Popper

The distinction between falsification and refutation in the demarcation problem of Karl PopperDespite the criticism of Karl Popper’s falsifiability theory for the demarcation between science and non-science, mainly pseudo-science, this criterion is still very useful, and perfectly valid after it was perfected by Popper and his followers. Moreover, even in his original version, considered by Lakatos as “dogmatic”, Popper did not assert that this methodology is an absolute demarcation criterion: a single counter-example is not enough to falsify a theory; a theory can legitimately be saved from falsification by introducing an auxiliary hypothesis. Compared to Kuhn’s theory of revolutions, which he himself later dissociated from it transforming it into a theory of “micro-revolutions,” I consider that Popper’s demarcation methodology, along with the subsequent development proposed by him, including the corroboration and the verisimilitude, though imperfect, is not only valid today, but it is still the best demarcation methodology. For argumentation, I used the main works of Popper dealing with this issue, and his main critics and supporters. After a brief presentation of Karl Popper, and an introduction to the demarcation problem and the falsification methodology, I review the main criticisms and the arguments of his supporters, emphasizing the idea that Popper has never put the sign of equality between falsification and rejection. Finally, I present my own conclusions on this issue.

Keywords: Karl Popper, falsifiability, falsification, demarcation problem, pseudo-science

CONTENTS

Abstract
Introduction
1 The demarcation problem
2 Pseudoscience
3 Falsifiability
4 Falsification and refutation
5 Extension of falsifiability
6 Criticism of falsifiability
7 Support of falsifiability
8 The current trend
Conclusions
Bibliography
Notes

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22522.54725

(28.02.2019)

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The distinction between falsification and refutation in the demarcation problem of Karl Popper

Editing and Publishing e-Books

Editing and Publishing e-BooksYou wrote a book. Very nice. But you didn’t write to keep it for you. You should publish it. The problem is that the publishers charge high prices for some authors pockets, and do it objectively, due to the high cost of printing.
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e-Book and online publishing market has evolved rapidly in recent years, and a lot of companies have entered this market, as publishers, online bookstores, or promoting e-books.

CONTENTS:

Books
– The Book Science
– Book chain
– – Creation
– – Production
– – Marketing
– – Other forms of secondary spread
– – Evolution of the book industry
– Book economics
– – Descriptive elements
– – – Reading and editing
– – – The Book market
– – Writing and editing books
– – – An endless supply of writers?
– – – Publishing contracts
– – Book market theory
– – – Differentiated products with uncertain prospects
– – – Booksellers, prescribers and word of mouth
Editing
– Calibre
– – Management of one or more libraries
– – – Structure
– – – User Interface
– – – Virtual or separate libraries
– – e-Book conversion to various digital formats
– – Synchronization with e-readers and other e-book reading devices
– – – Managed e-readers
– – Downloading articles from the web and publishing as a digital book
– – e-Reader
– – Content server for online access to its collection of books
– – Calibre and DRM
– iBooks Author
– Sigil
Publishing
– Book publishing
– Book manufacturing and trade
– – Creation
– – From the author to the publisher
– – From the publisher to the printer
– – Printing
– – Marketing
– Intellectual activity
– Publishing houses
– Vanity press
– – Commercial service
– – Conditions
– Small press
– – Definitions
– – – Pragmatic definition
– – – Independent publishers facing the majors publishers
– – – Proposals to reform the publishing industry
– Self-publishing
– – Stages of publication
– – Market
– Print on demand
– – Benefits
– – Applications
– – Dedicated machines
Electronic publishing
– Network edition
– The web content
– Print on demand
– Free license vs. proprietary license
– Project Gutenberg
– The digital edition
– The “ideal” characteristics of the electronic text
– – Readability
– – Maneuverability
– – Quotability
– – Localization
– – Impacts
– COUNTER
– Open access
– – Authors and researchers
e-Books
– Advantages and disadvantages
– – Maneuverability
– – Accessibility
– – Independence of the reading device
– – Risks
– History
– Digital Rights Management (DRM)
– – Watermarking
– – Free books
e-Book formats
– EPUB
– – Concept
– – Reading material
– – – eReaders
– – – Smartphones and tablets
– – Software
– – – EPUB Managers
– – – EPUB Readers
– – – EPUB Editors
– – – Word processing and desktop publishing software exporting to EPUB
– – – EPUB Converters
– MP3 files
– – Uses
– – Utilizations
– PDF documents (Portable Document Format)
– Word DOC documents
– – Alternatives
– ZIP files
– – Decompression programs
– – Tips
e-Readers
– History of e-book readers
– e-Book reader specifications
– e-Books or paper book?
– – Benefits
– – Disadvantages
– Environmental impact
– Amazon Kindle
– – Description and features
– iBooks
– – Presentation
– – Installation
– – Operation
– – Formats
– Nook
– – Technical specifications
– Scribd
– – Supported formats
– – Products and features
Quotes
References
Abouth the author
– Nicolae Sfetcu
– – By the same author
– – Contact
Publishing House
– MultiMedia Publishing

MultiMedia Publishing: https://www.telework.ro/en/e-books/editing-publishing-e-books/

Editing and Publishing e-Books

Lakatos on justificationism

According to the scientific “justificationist” method, knowledge consisted of proven sentences. Classical intellectuals (or “rationalists,” in the narrow sense of the term) have accepted extremely varied – and powerful “proofs“, through revelation, intellectual intuition, experience. These, with the help of logic, have allowed them to prove any kind of scientific statement. Classical empiricists accepted as axioms only a relatively small set of “factual propositions” that expressed “hard facts”. The value of their truth has been established by experience and has been the empirical basis of science.
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28722.25288

Lakatos on justificationism